Analysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet By William Shakespeare

In Hamlet by William Shakespeare, human agency is demonstrated by the actions of Polonius and Claudius throughout the play. Human agency is defined as the extent of power to act freely in taking responsibility for one’s actions, and the degree which intervention is possible by one to assert a will. In Hamlet, Claudius exerts his agency on the characters Laertes, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Similarly, Polonius restricts the freedom of his daughter, Ophelia, and constrains her agency as well, accented by the patriarchal society around the characters at this time. Through characterization and an animated setting, human agency in Hamlet entices the reader to question the extent of power that an individual can exert one’s force on a†¦show more content†¦In this way, the two courtiers are nothing more than puppets for Claudius to use. Hamlet recognizes this inability to act as good friends and confronts them in the The Mousetrap scene. He discloses, â€Å"You would play upon me, you would seem to know my stops, you would pluck out the heart of my mystery, you would sound me from my lowest note to the top of my compass.† (3.2) Hamlet is cognisant of the true intentions of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern which are not honest at all, but rather, corrupted. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, at this point in the play, have utterly lost their ties to Hamlet as a friend, and only see him as a puzzle that if deciphered, they can return and be praised by Claudius. According to Prof. McKinney, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are like sponges to be soaked up and drained by Claudius and discarded when they are of no more use. Claudius has manipulated the minds of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern by way of desire for royal appeasement, and corrupts their ability to frankly help their childhood friend, Hamlet. Laertes is also a victim to the controlling power of Claudius. Laertes comes in a rage to the palace seeking revenge for the murder of his father, Polonius. Claudius takes advantage

Examining Adolescent Thought and Actions in the Journal...

Examining Adolescent Thought and Actions in the Journal Entitled Adolescence From peer pressure to alcohol and drug problems adolescents face many difficult decisions in todays world. Adolescent psychologists study these problems and the way that adolescents react to them. The reason why they are studied is so that people can have an insight in to the mind of an adolescent. Many of the psychologists use the knowledge that is gained, from their research, to write research papers and books. Many of these books and research papers are submitted to different psychological journals. These journals are then sent out all over the world to many different universities and libraries to be enjoyed and analyzed by all. The point of this paper†¦show more content†¦If the author is lucky he/she will receive a reply in a couple of weeks requesting that their paper be sent to the journal in order to be printed in an upcoming issue. For a book to be reviewed all that the author has to do is send the book to the journal and hope that it is reviewed and included in an upcoming issue. The name of the article that was chosen is Image Advertisements for Alcohol Products: Is Their Appeal Associated with Adolescents Intention to Consume Alcohol. The authors of this article are Ruth W. Edwards and Kathleen J. Kelly. Ruth Edwards is a research scientist at the Tri-Ethnic Center for Drug Abuse Prevention at Colorado State University. She also has a PhD in psychology. The other author, Kathleen Kelly, is a professor in the college of business at Colorado State University. This article is setup in a research paper format that spans across thirteen pages in the journal. This article is considered to be a research paper because the data and experiments contained within it suggest that it is research data. The basis that the authors had for this article was to determine if image alcohol ads influenced adolescents to drink more than product advertisements. The way that they wanted to accomplish this task was to run experiments to try and see how the advertisem ents affected the choices of the adolescents. The authors found a test group thatShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles And The Parenting Style Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pageshomework. As a result, such helicopter parents do the child’s homework for them. This causes impairment in the child’s emotional regulation, resilience, and social anxiety. In addition this also causes the child to become dependent on others and feel entitled (Locke, Kavanagh, Campbell, 2016; Segrin, Woszidlo, Givertz, Bauer, Taylor Murphy, 2012). Helicopter parenting constrains the child from developing the skills and abilities which are essential to be independent. This limits the child from takingRead More Depression in Children and Adolescents Essay3662 Words   |  15 PagesDepression in Children and Adolescents What is depression?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depression is the most common mental disorder, not only for adults, but for children and teenagers as well. The DSM-IV classifies depression as a mood disorder. It states that an individual has suffered a â€Å"major depressive episode† if certain symptoms persist for at least two weeks, including a loss of enjoyment in previously pleasurable activities, a sad or irritable mood, a significant change in weight or appetite, problemsRead More Assessing Issues of Gender in Social Work Practice: An Overview of the De-feminization of the Female3063 Words   |  13 Pagesof humanity. Every woman is birth-defective, an imperfect male begotten because her father happened to be ill, weakened, or in a state of sin at the time of her conception. ~ St. Thomas Aquinas Simone de Beauvoirs influential work, entitled The Second Sex, made mainstream society aware of womens rejection of the theories upon which her development and socialization were based. Through de Beauvoirs eyes we are privy to her perceptions of the injustices facing women, especially as womenRead MoreEssay on Eating Disorders and the Media6828 Words   |  28 Pagesbasis, I held a focus group with six high school girls who watched the critically-acclaimed documentary by Jean Kilbourne entitled Still Killing Us Softly. After watching the documentary, this group of girls came to understand the harmful effects of media exposure on adolescents. This is a tremendous step in overcoming the development of eating disorders. Teaching adolescents about messages in media is different from what scholars have suggested for preventing eating disorders over the last severalRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAre Most Effective? 416 †¢ Power and Perceived Justice 416 Dependence: The Key to Power 416 The General Dependence Postulate 416 †¢ What Creates Dependence? 417 Power Tactics 418 Sexual Harassment: Unequal Power in the Workplace 421 Politics: Power in Action 424 Definition of Organizational Politics 424 †¢ The Reality of Politics 424 Causes and Consequences of Political Behavior 426 Factors Contributing to Political Behavior 426 †¢ How Do People Respond to Organizational Politics? 429 †¢ Impression ManagementRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSolving 178 Multiple Approaches to Creativity 179 Conceptual Blocks 183 Percy Spencer’s Magnetron 185 Spence Silver’s Glue 185 The Four Types of Conceptual Blocks 185 Review of Conceptual Blocks 194 Conceptual Blockbusting 194 Stages in Creative Thought 194 Methods for Improving Problem Definition 195 Ways to Generate More Alternatives 199 Interna tional Caveats 202 Hints for Applying Problem-Solving Techniques 203 Fostering Creativity in Others 203 Management Principles 204 SKILL ANALYSIS 210 CasesRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesAward for Advanced Placement in mathematics in 1999. Chris is a frequent contributor to the AP Statistics Electronic Discussion Group and has reviewed materials for The Mathematics Teacher, the AP Central web site, The American Statistician, and the Journal of the American Statistical Association. He currently writes a column for Stats magazine. Chris graduated from Iowa State University with a major in mathematics and, while acquiring graduate degrees at the University of Iowa, concentrated on statistics

A Brief History of the Life of Anne Boleyn, An Outline Essay

Anne Boleyn: A Brief History Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the life of Anne Boleyn and the impact she had on the English monarchy. Introduction I. Attention-Getter: I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. (Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) II. Credibility Statement: A growing interest in the development of the Tudor family led me to research some information on my own, and when I came across Anne Boleyn’s story I knew that I had to share what I had uncovered. III. Relating†¦show more content†¦(Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) a. Anne’s refusal confused and surprised Henry, who was not expecting rejection. (Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) b. In 1527 Henry sought out, and was eventually granted, an annulment from his wife Catherine; by 1528 Anne Boleyn had made her entrance in to English royal society. (Eakins, 1994) Transition: Anne’s joy in making progress towards the throne would be short-lived because death would be the outcome of her reign as Henry’s queen. Main Idea II: In 1532 Anne was officially made the queen when her belly swelled with the life of Henry’s child, but when Elizabeth was born it became Anne’s sole duty, and Henry’s obsession, for her to birth a male heir. (Eakins, 1994) A. It was Anne’s responsibility to have a son, and she took this job very seriously as there were grave consequences if she did not provide Henry with what he desired most. a. By January of 1534 Anne was pregnant again, but she miscarried or birthed a stillborn. (Eakins, 1994) b. In 1536 Anne became pregnant again, with a son, but by the end of January she had miscarried again. (Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) B. After birthing an unwanted daughter, and suffering through two miscarriages, Anne Boleyn’s life was now at risk because her husband was about to take care of his own legacy. (Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) a. Henry decided to take a new wife, Jane Seymour, and an annulment was filed against Anne Boleyn. (Anne Boleyn Bio, 2013) b. Divorce was notShow MoreRelatedA World Lit Only by Fire Outline Essay8153 Words   |  33 PagesA World Lit Only by Fire by William Manchester Outline The Medieval Mind I. The Dark Ages A. The Years A.D. 400 to A.D. 1000 1. Referred to as the Dark Ages because knowledge and literacy vanished during this era. 2. Rulers during this age were illiterate and most found it trivial. a. Emperor Sigismund said, â€Å"Ego sum rex Romanus et super grammatica†Ã¢â‚¬â€as king of Rome, he was above grammar. B. Rome’s Fall in the Fifth Century 1. The Hsiung-nu (Huns) ravaged though Europe

George Orwells 1984 Essay - 1690 Words

George Orwells 1984 War is Peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength. These are the beliefs that the citizens of Oceania, in the novel titled 1984, written by George Orwell, live by. In this novel, Oceania, one of the three remaining world super powers, is a totalitarian, a society headed by Big Brother and his regime, known as the ministries of Truth, Love, and Peace. A totalitarian government is defined as a government characterized by a political authority which exercises absolute and centralized control, and in which the state regulates every realm of life. This is the type of world that the citizens of Oceania must live in, ruled by fear and under force every day. The names of the different ministries for example,†¦show more content†¦In no public or private utterance was it ever admitted that the three powers had at any time been grouped along different lines.? Although throughout the story, the conditions of these wars were constantly changing, it made no difference to the masses, and the current ?truth? was all that mattered. ?Oceania was at war with Eurasia: therefore Oceania had always been at war with Eurasia? (Orwell, pg 35). The truth is whatever the government wants it to be, and the people accept it at face value, a concept cleverly worded as ?reality control.? (Orwell, pg. 36) Likewise in today?s society, even though the people live under the rule of a democratic republic in the U.S., a large portion of the news that we receive is distorted and filtered, many times the truth is not what it appears to be. Being a democracy does not stop that from happening. Furthermore, like the citizens of Oceania, we as citizens often accept the information that we receive from the media as absolute truth, not questioning what we hear, even though we have the privilege of doing so. In the totalitarian society of 1984, the government alters history constantly and changes it to fit the predictions and needs of the party, so that they always come out ahead. The Party destroys any evidence that the past has been altered, and asserts absolute correctness and truth. One might argue that it would be impossible to get rid of all past evidence in today?s world, becauseShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwells 19841168 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell author of 1984 recently made it on Amazon’s list of â€Å"100 books to read before you die† for his widely read novel with thought provoking subjects like: the dangers of totalitarianism, physical control, psychological manipulation, manipulation of information and history, and technology. Through the themes in 1984, George Orwell demonstrates that a dystopian society created by totalitarian rule can infiltrate the minds of its citizens through various mediums. The famous novel falls intoRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19841138 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s â€Å"1984† perfectly captures a potential dystopia that would occur to the human race if a totalitarian government was present. As a result of this, Orwell identifies the purpose of the novel: to warn people what could possibly happen if they were not careful. A totalitarian government is similar to a dictatorship and demands complete obedience. Orwell focused on what type of plot would be most beneficial, how the plot would impact the audience, and how the subplot builds on a conflictRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19842185 Words   |  9 PagesLiterary Analysis The author of the novel 1984, George Orwell, is a political critic. Therefore, he used very precise descriptions of situations and words to provide the reader a clear understanding of the entity he is criticizing. When Winston describes the destruction of past records to create new ones to Julia, he says: â€Å"Every record has been destroyed or falsified, every book has been rewritten, every picture has been repainted, every statue and street and building has been renamed, every dateRead MoreThe Themes Of 1984 And George Orwells 19841237 Words   |  5 Pages In many ways, George Orwell used real problems in the world to write his novels. Orwell lived through many events that inspired some of the main topics in his book, 1984. In 1984, George Orwell illustrates what a totalitarian society would be like. At the time that he wrote this book, many citizens of England were afraid of their government having too much power over them. Orwell wrote 1984 to warn the public of what a pow erful government can lead to. Even currently, 1984 can be related to differentRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19842208 Words   |  9 PagesIn George Orwell’s 1984, the author utilizes Big Brother to showcase the immense power and influence the government has over its subordinates. The Party manipulates the people through inflicting fear, constant surveillance, and deprivation of knowledge, in order to oppress them from having incorrect ideas or behaviors that are not permitted in society. They are expected to live as respectful Party members, forcefully having to dedicate their lives to serving Big Brother. There are a plethora of charactersRead MoreThe 1984 Adaptation Of George Orwells 19842072 Words   |  9 PagesCensorship in 1984 In the 1984 adaptation of George Orwell’s classic, Nineteen Eighty-Four, the director, Michael Radford, plays on the ideas of censorship and control of all citizens. As one of the biggest themes that is presented in the film, the Inner Party makes it their mission to stop all citizens of â€Å"free thinking†. Citizens are not allowed to think poorly of the government, nor are they allowed to think impure thoughts. Those who try to condemn the government, and those that question theRead MoreGeorge Orwells 1984 Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwells 1984 What look on humanity and human nature, if any, can be seen through this book, 1984? 1984 examines a future under the rule of a totalitarian society. One of the unique notes about Orwells 1984, is theRead MoreJustice in George Orwells 19841293 Words   |  6 PagesJustice in 1984 The concept of justice is an important subject in George Orwell’s 1984. Justice is defined according to Plato as â€Å"the interest of the stronger†. Justice plays a big role in 1984’s society. Justice is understood differently by the protagonists of the text than how it is represented by the societies in which they live. In the novel 1984 by Orwell, an extremely controlling totalitarian government called The Party, rules the society. They have introduced Telescreens which monitorRead MoreSymbolism In George Orwells 19841349 Words   |  6 Pages Symbolism in 1984 Literary concepts are often used in books to make the reading experience more enjoyable. In George Orwell’s 1984, Orwell uses a key literary element, symbolism, to do this. Orwell does this in a unique way. He makes the reader want to think one way, when the reality is far different. This causes the reader to be surprised when the truth of the matter is revealed. He is able to do this by having certain objects represent one thing, and then later reveal it is something far differentRead MoreTotalitarianism In George Orwells 19841028 Words   |  5 PagesTotalitarianism Used in 1984 A dystopia is a society which is characterized by misery, oppression, and unhappiness. Likewise, a totalitarian government neither allow parties to have different opinions nor freedom with a centralized government, therefore totalitarianism and dystopian societies are similar. In 1984, written by George Orwell, Big Brother is a dictator who gives the Oceanian population no personal freedoms and strictly dominates all of the country for their own selfish ways. Unlike Oceania

Essay on Working Women, the Government, and Politics

Working Women, the Government, and Politics Working women in America are in a difficult and complex state. Women in the workforce are encouraged to compete like men, which conflicts with the demand for their time during the second shift. Complete dedication is expected both in the workplace and in the home, and little support is provided by the opposite sex and the government. If the government acquired a larger responsibility for working families, it could implement several policies that have already proven to alleviate the burden on working women and promote gender equality in other industrialized nations. In recent decades, there has been a visible influx of women in the workforce-many of whom are also mothers. In 1975,†¦show more content†¦This can explain why women, compared to their husbands, are more tired and get sick more often (Hochschild, 4). The heaviest burden falls on working mothers, since their second shift includes not only housework but also taking care of the children. Our society still celebrates the role of a mother as the primary care-giver. This conviction that women are responsible for childrens welfare has become an obstacle for working mothers and gender equity as a whole. The government can have a supportive role in this dilemma, but instead it leaves child care concerns up to the parents- which subsequently falls on the mothers. The assumption that the work-family balance is an individual and private problem undercuts any serious efforts of institutional change (Blair-Loy, 197). Without government aid and adequate financial resource to purchase private child care services, many working mothers are pressured to leave the workforce in order to fulfill their domestic duties. Feminists concerned with the family have concluded that persistent gender inequality in the labor market is both cause and consequence of womens disproportionate assumption of unpaid work in the home (Gornick, 3). In order for the government to take a more active role, there needs to be a change in how American culture views children. As long as children are a private concern, there is noShow MoreRelatedWomen Of The New Zealand Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesWomen make up 51% of the New Zealand population, however, women in New Zealand parliament only make up just over 30% in parliament (2014). For women to be represented in parliament, it means that women need to be seen as a ‘norm’ in government, and therefore all positions of power. This under-representation can be linked to factors such as the environment and the culture of the New Zealand parliament and political parties. It is important to note that women are not a homogenous group; and we haveRead MoreFeminism : A Feminist Perspective1505 Words   |  7 Pagesachieving equal rights for women in each sector; cultural, economic, social and personal. Its main aim is to seek to establish equal opportunities for women in educa tion and employment. A feminist advocate is in charge of supporting the rights of women and advocating for equality. The feminist movement on the other hand campaign for women rights and protect girls and women from being mistreated (Adel 56). Feminism began in the nineteenth and twentieth century when the plight of women became a great issueRead MoreEssay Industrialization in Europe972 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome a focus of political issues and had a feeling that they were secretly meeting to discuss politics, the economy, and potentially plotting to spread radical ideas. 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The significant under-representation of women in Canadian legislation has severe consequences that are symbolic; it deprives our government’s policy-making process the input of a significant portion of Canadians. A system that does not adequately represent its majority population calls into question the legitimacy ofRead MoreThe Five International Relations Theories, Realism, Liberalism, And Feminism1241 Words   |  5 PagesThree of the five international relations theories, Realism, Liberalism, and Feminism have very interesting and different positions pertaining to global politics and issues. These theories, although quite different, effect the past present and future of global politics. Realists tend to believe the worst in humanity, that they are inherently selfish, and expect the worst. They are always prepared for war, and will go on the offensive if it means gaining more power and respect. 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Disadvantages of Decentralisation free essay sample

The success of decentralization will depend upon the quality of personnel manning the decentralized units. In those cases where the training, experience, education etc of the employees are inadequate, decentralisation of authority and of decision making would be harmful for the enterprise. There will be wrong decisions, confusion, contradictions etc. (2) Decentralisation becomes uneconomic and unwieldy unless the organisation is large and strong enough at the top to cope with a decentralised structure. Particularly for a small organisation decentralisation is not at all desirable because it would be easier and more economical to administer the enterprise on a centralized basis. (3) When an organisation expands through internal growth, decentralisation is not necessary and may be harmful. Unlike external expansion, in this situation no desire for absolute autonomy pre-exists. (4) In situations of emergency or trouble, decentralised administration is ineffective. It is costly and time consuming to control an emergency situation which affects a vital business area under a decentralised plan. Such decisions have to be taken at the top, and excessive decentralisation may lead to too much of consideration and delay before the problem is brought to the attention of the central or top authority. (5) In the absence of adequate information, decentralised administration tends to become weak. Decentralised decision making depends upon the quick availability of information pertaining not only to the particular decentralised unit but also to the other related activities and unit. In the absence of this ancillary information decisions will lack coordination and unity amongst the different organizational units. 6) If it is not possible to break up the business suitably into profit centers or investment centers, then decentralisation may result in inadequate appraisal and control. In conclusion we may quote H. A. Simon, that some measure of centralisation is indispensable to secure the advantages of organisation, coordination, expertise and responsibility. On the other hand, the costs of centralisation must not be forgotten. Decentralization in Organizations: Learning Objectives: 1. Define and explain the term decentralization. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of decentralization in business organizations? 3. What are business segments? 4. Define and explain cost, profit, and investment centers. Definition and Explanation of Decentralization A decentralized organization is one in which decision making is not confined to a few top executives but rather is throughout the organization, with managers at various levels making key operating decisions relating to their sphere of responsibility. Decentralization is a matter of degree, since all organizations are decentralized to some extent out of necessity. At one extreme, a strongly decentralized organization is one in which even the lowest-level managers and employees are empowered to make decisions. At the other extreme, in a strongly decentralized organization, lower-level managers have little freedom to make decisions. Although most organizations fall somewhere between these two extremes, there is a pronounced trend toward more and more decentralization. Advantages/Benefits of Decentralization: Decentralization has many advantages/benefits, including: 1. Top management is relieved of much day-to-day problem solving and is left free to concentrate on strategy, on higher level decision making, and coordinating activities. 2. Decentralization provides lower level managers with vital experience in making decisions. Without such experience, they would be ill-prepared to make decisions when they are promoted into higher level positions. 3. Added responsibility and decision making authority often result in increased job satisfaction. Responsibility and the authority, that goes with it makes the job more interesting and provides greater incentives for people to put out their best efforts. 4. Lower level managers generally have more detailed and up to date information about local conditions than top managers. Therefore the decisions of lower level management are often based on better information. 5. It is difficult to evaluate a managers performance if the manager is not given much latitude in what he or she can do. Disadvantages of Decentralization: Decentralization has four major disadvantages: 1. Lower level managers may make decisions without fully understanding the big picture. While top level managers typically have less detailed information about local operations than the lower level managers, they usually have more information about the company as a whole and should have a better understanding of the companys strategy. 2. In a truly decentralized organization, there may be a lack of coordination among autonomous managers. This problem can be reduced by clearly defining the companys strategy and communicating it effectively throughout the organization. 3. Lower-level managers may have objectives that are different from the objectives of the entire organization. For example, some managers may be more interested in increasing the sizes of their departments than in increasing the profits of the company. To some degree, this problem can be overcome by designing performance evaluation system that motivate managers to make decisions that are in the best interests of the organization. 4. In a strongly decentralized organization, it may be more difficult to effectively spread innovative ideas. Someone in one part of the organization may have a traffic idea that would benefit other parts of the organizations, but without strong central direction the idea may not be shared with, and adopted by other parts of the organization Read more at http://www. accounting4management. com/decentralized_organizations. htm#kX2TyKXfLDTQ2pML. 99 Decentralization: Inspecting the Tradeoffs Decentralization generally comes into account to accouterment the disadvantages of centralization. Although a decentralized command anatomy does advice to affected the cons of absolute administration such as abridgement of buying and authority, as you go bottomward the hierarchical alignment structure, it has its own different set of pros and cons. Let us analyze these claim and demerits of decentralization and put into angle the tradeoffs complex back adopting this administration concept. Advantages of Decentralization * The top administration and promoters of the close accept broadcast the controlling ascendancy and are therefore, larboard with added time to accompany the action for acumen the organizations abiding vision. Day-to-day botheration analytic is no best the better affair for the higher-ups. * Operational ability makes it easier for the alignment to abound overall. Activities such as franchising, about-face and hiring of advisers at the authoritative levels do not charge connected action from the top management. Consequently, amplification becomes easier, adopting basic and inducting added workforce become beneath time-consuming. Decentralization abundantly allowances huge organizations advance over several thousand advisers and geographic locations. Increased controlling ability anon translates into greater accountability. Bounded managers and alike added advisers added bottomward the accumulated ladder are motivated to booty buying of their work. Leadership qualities acquisition announcement alfresco the boardroom aural the silos and cubicles as well. The all-embracing atmosphere tends to addition agent assurance arch to greater job achievement than the austere borders of a centralized set up. Grooming approaching leaders is additionally abundant easier in such an atmosphere. Theres no best aloof one centermost of arete in the alignment but several pockets of arete abounding of accomplished bodies advance out beyond the organization. Ascendancy is delegated at the bounded level, which agency decisions are added abreast and accelerated admitting not consistently strategic. * Decentralized ability agency greater accuracy which in about-face ensures that beneath mistakes are made. A accommodation is usually a autonomous and participative aftereffect and if theres a fail up in progress, affairs are abundant that addition will atom it. While theres buying of success, decentralized ascendancy additionally ensures that there are beneath scapegoats. A aberration cannot be mapped to one distinct being (this can be a bankrupt beneath some added circumstances). * Perhaps, one of the best able outcomes of decentralization is the achievability of accessible innovation. With aptitude advance out beyond all levels and locations and the consistent networking possibilities, ablaze minds get calm with ideas, arch to addition rapidly. There are no authoritative bottlenecks or hindrances to barter of ideas. In a decentralized setup, it becomes accessible to atom the anemic links that are consistently affecting the basal lines. Therefore, it becomes easier to bung the leaks in time and accomplish abiding that the acquaint abstruse are finer conveyed to all added subunits aural the organization. * The acceptance of authoritative standards and best practices is additionally facilitated by a decentralized setup. Accuracy in action en sures that it is accessible for the assorted bounded teams to challenge and accept the methods and processes that brought success to a aggregation amid elsewhere. One of the above advantages of decentralized way of demography decisions is witnessed during a abrupt change in the bounded business ambiance such as the access of recession or bill devaluation, etc. Businesses are able to acknowledge and acclimate bound to these changes back ascendancy is decentralized. * Retail businesses like Walmart and auberge chains generally account from accepting a decentralized appearance of management. Businesses, area quick decisions amidst fast-paced changes in ambiance are the adjustment of the day, angle to account from decentralization. Disadvantages of Decentralization * Too abundant accent on localized way of demography decisions may end up abashing the bigger picture. As you go bottomward the accumulated ladder, advisers assume to lose afterimage of the authoritative vision. * A awful decentralized alignment can be the battlefield for ailing antagonism amid bounded managers arch to abridgement of co-operation and coordination. As a result, commutual functions may ache and absolute interdepartmental conflicts is difficult back ascendancy has been delegated. In addition, there is cher duplication of assignment (activities, processes and outcomes) that may appulse abridgement of scale. * Decentralization is not consistently a acceptable action to activate with, abnormally back the alignment is still to acquisition its basement in the market. Pushing decisions bottomward the bureaucracy after assessing if those levels in actuality accept the appropriate abilities and capabilities, is a aberration that could prove to be costly. * While decentralization promotes the advance of standards and best practices, altered managers apperceive them differently. Therefore, accomplishing of compatible organization-wide constant behavior becomes problematic. In case of emergencies that crave acceptance of organization-wide standards, the circulation of ascendancy and absolute opinions and accomplishments affectation a above hindrance. * Decentralization generally gives acceleration to an agent citizenry composed mainly of generalists and actual few specialists. External specialist consultants generally charge to be approved back the charge arises, added abacus to the costs. Assignment allocation and achievement appraisal are not constant in a acerb decentralized establishment. A subunit that is a amount centermost ends up accepting a raw deal, admitting acquirement breeding units acquire the allowances of a acceptable achievement by their subunit. It is difficult to admeasurement the achievement of amount centers and the associated advisers as they do not accomplish profits. * Businesses like fast aliment chains such as McDonalds area speciali zation is important and bendability in account is vital, angle to account from a added centralized assignment culture Source: http://www. shvoong. com/business-management/business-ideas-and-opportunities/2263925-advantages-disadvantages-decentralization/#ixzz2Oc5y6AfP Advantages of Decentralization The top management and promoters of the firm have distributed the decision-making authority and are therefore, left with more time to pursue the strategy for realizing the organizations long-term vision. Day-to-day problem solving is no longer the biggest concern for the higher-ups. Operational independence makes it easier for the organization to grow overall. Activities such as franchising, diversification and hiring of employees at the departmental levels do not need constant intervention from the top management. Consequently, expansion becomes easier, raising capital and inducting additional workforce become less time-consuming. Decentralization greatly benefits huge organizations spread over several thousand employees and geographic locations. Increased decision-making power directly translates into greater accountability. Local managers and even other employees further down the corporate ladder are motivated to take ownership of their work. Leadership qualities find expression outside the boardroom within the silos and cubicles as well. The overall atmosphere tends to boost employee morale leading to greater job satisfaction than the strict confines of a centralized setup. Grooming future leaders is also much easier in such an atmosphere. Theres no longer just one center of excellence in the organization but several pockets of excellence full of talented people spread out across the organization. Authority is delegated at the local level, which means decisions are more informed and accelerated though not always strategic. Decentralized power means greater transparency which in turn ensures that fewer mistakes are made. A decision is usually a democratic and participative outcome and if theres a goof up in progress, chances are great that someone will spot it. While theres ownership of success, decentralized authority also ensures that there are fewer scapegoats. A mistake cannot be mapped to one single person (this can be a demerit under some other circumstances). Perhaps, one of the most powerful outcomes of decentralization is the possibility of open innovation. With talent spread out across all levels and locations and the resulting networking possibilities, bright minds get together with ideas, leading to innovation rapidly. There are no bureaucratic bottlenecks or hindrances to exchange of ideas. In a decentralized setup, it becomes easy to spot the weak links that are consistently affecting the bottom lines. Therefore, it becomes easier to plug the leaks in time and make sure that the lessons learned are effectively conveyed to all other subunits within the organization. The adoption of organizational standards and best practices is also facilitated by a decentralized setup. Transparency in process ensures that it is easy for the various local teams to emulate and adopt the methods and processes that brought success to a team located elsewhere. One of the major advantages of decentralized way of taking decisions is witnessed during a sudden change in the local business environment such as the onset of recession or currency devaluation, etc. Businesses are able to respond and adapt quickly to these changes when authority is decentralized. Retail businesses like Walmart and hotel chains often benefit from having a decentralized style of management. Businesses, where quick decisions amidst fast-paced changes in environment are the order of the day, stand to benefit from decentralization. Disadvantages of Decentralization Too much emphasis on localized way of taking decisions may end up blurring the bigger picture. As you go down the corporate ladder, employees seem to lose sight of the organizational vision. A highly decentralized organization can be the battleground for unhealthy competition between local managers leading to lack of co-operation and coordination. As a result, interdependent functions may suffer and resolving interdepartmental onflicts is difficult when authority has been delegated. In addition, there is costly duplication of work (activities, processes and outcomes) that may impact economy of scale. Decentralization is not always a good strategy to begin with, especially when the organization is still to find its footing in the market. Pushing decisions down the hierarchy without assessing if those levels in fa ct have the required skills and capabilities, is a mistake that could prove to be costly. While decentralization promotes the spread of standards and best practices, different managers perceive them differently. Therefore, implementation of uniform organization-wide consistent policies becomes problematic. In case of emergencies that require adoption of organization-wide standards, the diffusion of authority and independent opinions and actions pose a major hindrance. Decentralization often gives rise to an employee population composed mainly of generalists and very few specialists. External specialist consultants often need to be sought when the need arises, further adding to the costs. Work allocation and performance evaluation are not consistent in a strongly decentralized establishment. A subunit that is a cost center ends up getting a raw deal, whereas revenue generating units reap the benefits of a good performance by their subunit. It is difficult to measure the performance of cost centers and the associated employees as they do not generate profits. Businesses like fast food chains such as McDonalds where specialization is important and consistency in service is vital, stand to benefit from a more centralized work culture. We have seen both the advantages and disadvantages of decentralization that hopefully makes clear what the tradeoffs could be in adopting this concept in an organization. However, most disadvantages of decentralization can be overcome by controlling the degree of authority delegated to the lower levels of the organization. Both centralization and decentralization have their extremes which is why, the key is to avoid those extremes and take the middle road. A combination of both concepts and a conscious deviation from the autocratic management style is recommended as a plausible strategy. Striking a balance between how much independence is given to individual business units and what kind of decisions remain under the central command could lead to a successful strategy. By Preeti Sunil Published: 2/13/2012

Intentional Criminal Liability Management

Question: Discuss about the Intentional Criminal Liability Management. Answer: Under Irish law Assault will attract criminal liability one actually inflicts harm on another person through the application of force. Pursuant to section 2 of Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act (1997) an assault has been defined as an intentional or a reckless act where one applies force which causes an impact on another persons body. The bodily impact that has been caused must either be caused directly or indirectly. The second limb of the assault definition suggests that one will also be guilt of the offence of assault if he causes someone to reasonably believe that he will he likely to make an impact on the body of the other person using force. It bears noting that the expectation of the force must be immediate. For criminal liability to attach only one limb must be satisfied. Further under section 3(1) of the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act (1997) a person will be held to be criminally liable for an assault that eventually caused harm to the other individual. It is instructive to note that if the person uses force but does not necessarily cause harm they will be liable to pay a fine which shall not exceed 1500 pounds or serve a term in imprisonment which shall not exceed 6 months or may be subjected to both fine and imprisonment (S 2(4) Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act, 1997)). If the assault caused harm the person will be criminally liable upon summary conviction to an imprisonment term which shall not exceed 12 months or a fine which shall not go beyond 1500 pounds or both (S 3(2b) Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act 1997). Upon conviction the person will be liable to a imprisonment term of not more than 5 years. It is worth noting that the actus reus and mens rea element of a crime must be present to prove a crime of assault. The mens rea must be a general intent. In the case in point Michael punched Sean and therefore he has applied force directly against another person. In R v Thomas (1985) it was held that the degree of force used against the other person is immaterial. If the civil action is brought first the claimant must prove there was apprehension of an imminent attack on him (Dullaghan v Hillen, 1957). The defendant must have had the intention to cause the harm on the claimant. It is not necessary to show that there was contact or injured was suffered in a civil action for assault. The claimant must only show that he had reasonable grounds to believe that the attack was imminent (Thomas v National Union of Mineworkers, 1985).On the other hand, it may be easier for Sean to pursue a civil action against Michael if he is held guilty of the crime of assault. The causal link between the act and the harm caused will have already been determined by the criminal court. In criminal law the main goal is usually to punish the accused and the remedy is imprisonment or a fine. However, the chief goal of civil law is to put the claimant in the position they were in before the civil wrong had occurred. This is usually done by way of compensation. Sean can th erefore claim special damages in the civil court and this will be awarded based on the economic losses or expenses that he incurred. Therefore, Sean can claim to be compensated fro the medical expenses and the loss of income that due to the fact that the injury caused him not to attend his daily job where he is self employed. It is imperative to note that even though the court may declare that the defendant, Michael is entitled to pay the compensation most civil cases that are conducted immediately after a criminal conviction, defendants argue they are not able to pay the compensation. It may be advisable to only pursue a civil action for compensation although in this case the police had already taken the matter up for investigation and therefore a criminal case was bound to occur. It should be borne in mind that the burden of prof in a criminal case rests on the prosecution and not the complainant. However this is just the general rule but pursuant to section 29(2) of the Misuse of Drugs Act (1977) where the accused has been found in possession of a drug, the burden of prof shifts to the defense (People (DPP) v. Byrne, 1998). In the case Sean, the prosecution will have the burden of proofing that the accused Michael is guilty of the act. The standard of proof that shall be applied in the criminal case by the prosecution is thus one which is beyond reasonable doubt. In the People (AG) v. Byrne (1974) the court affirmed that in a criminal case the jury must come to a conclusion after the case has ben proven beyond reasonable doubt. However, the accused should be aware that he has been accorded the benefit doubt depending ion the evidence that is adduce in court. In a civil case the burden of proof rests on the plaintiff to show that he apprehended an imminent at tack. The claimant has the burden of proving that the defendant had the intention to commit the act. The defendants duty will be merely that of defense and not a burden of proof in the strict sense. The burden of prof in this case cannot shift to the defendant. However, in a civil case the standard of proof is on a balance of probabilities. It will be the duty of Sean to prove that ion a balance of probability Michael committed the civil wrong and that he suffered harm therefore he is entitled to compensation. All in all it may be conceded that Sean has a stronger criminal case although he has to pursue a civil action for compensation due the medical expenses he may have incurred and the loss of income that was caused by the injury which made him stay at home References R v Thomas (1985) 81 Cr. App. R. 331 Dullaghan v Hillen [1957] IR Jur Rep 10. Thomas v National Union of Mineworkers [1985] 2 All ER The People (Director of Public Prosecutions) v. Byrne [1998] 2 I.R. 417 The People (Attorney General) v Byrne[1974] IR 1 Misuse of Drugs Act (1977) Thomas v National Union of Mineworkers [1985] 2 All ER 1 Dullaghan v. Hillen [1957] IR Jur Rep 10. [35]. Non-Fatal Offences against the Person (1997 Act)